THE TRUTH about ABS!!!
All of the below answers are partially or completely wrong. The following answer is scientifically and medically established.
There is no upper and lower section. There are four layers inner to outer.
The outer is the most notable, the Rectus Abdominus or 6-pack. It runs from the lower ribs to your pubic bone, yes the whole length. The reason for it feeling ab exercises on the "upper" region and the "upper" region looking better both muscularly and body fat wise, is because of the genetic design. The upper region of the Rectus is better anchored to the ribs so looks and feels better as well as genetically carries less body fat around and just below the ribs. The "lower" region carries all of the weight from our guts and visceral body fat (just plain guts, organs and fat that insulates and cushions them).
Crunches target the Rectus Abdominus top to bottom, it's just the upper will always look better than the lower sections!
Twisting ab exercises target the next layer of abs which are your internal and external obliques. Twisting doesn't do much for the Rectus (6-pack), but it does draw out your Anterior Serates and Obliques, all of which you won't see unless your low enough body fat.
Finally we have the most important abdominal muscle when it comes to lower back health and real "Core" strength. Its called your Transversus Abdominus and (like Pilates teaches), it's like natures weight belt, Pilates calls it the Girdle of Strength because it along with a deeply embedded back muscle (Multifidus) it protects and supports the lower vertebrae of your spine.
So quick review, crunches (or hanging abs, ab machines, anything with a linear ab movement [straight not twisting]) are great for 6-pack abs and "core" training is great for back health cause it targets the inner-most ab the TA.
Again, there are no upper and no lower ab exercises they either target the inner, outer or in-between ab muscles!
Hope that clarifies it for everyone!
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